What is a semiconductor? It's generally made of materials with special resistance (it is between the resistance of a conductor and a non-conductor). Changes in temperature or used “impurities” also influence the electrical resistance.

The term “impurities” is for the other components mixed to the material. The final mixture characterizes the semiconductors as thyristors of type-n or type-t.

They make diodes and transistors applying both these kinds of semi-conductors. It's known that today the most actual substance for semiconductor manufacture is silicon.

Semiconductor substance is applied to create diodes that are good for putting the stream of electrical current only in one direction. In every diode there is a component created of positive and negative elements (known as p- and n-) and of barrier level (pn-transfer). Diodes make electrical schemes transforming among direct and alternating current. Because that diodes make current go only in one sense only half of the processes or cycle passes by. A connection of this type is fixed as a rectifier.

Speaking of the light diodes fixed as LED, they are necessary to generate light at small voltages avoiding generating heat. These diodes are applied in all units of modern electronic devices like TV sets or stereo systems in order to signal the standby state.

The development of thyristors industry was governed by Moore's law. The most important point for making complicated power semiconductor equipment at smaller cost is today lithography. Concerning optical lithography, it now leads to the increase of alternate technologies because it has met its development limit. These days ultraviolet lithography and nano-imprint lithography are known to be the best substitutes to optical one. (more…)

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There is a detached class of substances which is named quasi-conductors. In the first time that unique type was discovered in the 1890's but more thoroughly it began to be researched just after the First World War in Europe and in Soviet Union. In 1923 Russian physicists proved the ability of utilizing of semiconductor-metal contacts to quicken the producing of fluctuations. During several years igbt modules were ejected by tubes. First transistor was created in Bell's laboratory in 1949. That event impacted on the quick improvement of semiconductor devices. Since then a lot of persons all over the world become interested in such type of substance as semiconductors.

The interest to optical characteristics of semiconductors revived due to research of induced emission in semiconductors. It caused the appearing of semiconductor laser system based on utilizing of p - n barriers and then on heterojunction.

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